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Les modes et les vitesses de déplacement ont un impact important sur les résultats obtenus au travers des différentes analyses à disposition dans AccessMod. Il est donc important de prendre le temps de décider du, ou des, mode(s) et de la (des) vitesse(s) à utiliser. Lorsque disponibles, les enquêtes auprès des ménages et/ou des établissements de santé collectant des informations sur les mouvements des patients peuvent être utiles, en particulier si elles capturent le point d’origine du patient, sa destination, le moyen de transport utilisé et le temps mis pour arriver à sa destination.

Des exemples de valeurs de vitesse de déplacement lorsqu'on marche ou conduit sur une surface plane sont présentés dans les deux tableaux suivants.


Type d'occupation du sol

Vitesse (km/h)

Urban and built-up area

5

Low dense vegetation

4

Medium dense vegetation

3

Dense vegetation

2

Bare soil

5

Exemple d'estimation de la vitesse de déplacement sur une surface plane par type d'occupation du sol pour un scénario de marche


Type de route

Vitesse (km/h)

Motorway or Highway

100

Dual lane roads

80

Track, trails or footpaths

20

Exemple de vitesses maximales de déplacement pour différents types de routes (extrait de Toxopeus (1996) et de Nelson (2000))


In AccessMod, the scenario table allows for the attribution of a traveling mode (walking, motorized, and bicycling) and speed to each of the classes, and therefore each cell in which movement is allowed, contained in the merged land cover distribution grid (see Section 5.5.2).

The user can easily capture and change scenario and/or speed values in this table to investigate the changes it produces on the output results. Moreover, corrections for different modes of transportation can be applied in this file.

The travelling scenario table can either be created in Excel and then imported in AccessMod (see Section 5.4.1) or manually, created in AccessMod (see Sections 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 0 and 5.5.7). In both cases, the table is composed of the following four columns (see example in the Table below):

  1. class: Merged land cover class
  2. label: Merged land cover label
  3. speed: Travel speed (in km/h) on flat surfaces. The value must be greater or equal to zero (see below for the latter)
  4. mode: transportation mode considered for the given land cover class to be chosen from the following list:
  • MOTORIZED: the mode being applied to motorized vehicles when no corrections are being applied on the travelling speed, even if a DEM is used in the analysis.
  • WALKING: the mode applied when the population walks. In this case, a slope-based correction is applied to the indicated speed. This correction is based on Tobler’s formula (Tobler, 1993), which basically decreases or increase the effective walking speed depending on the steepness of the slope and this for up or down movements.
  • BICYCLING: a slope-based correction is applied to the indicated speed. See below for details.

Dans AccessMod, la table de scénarios permet d’attribuer un mode de déplacement (marche, motorisé et vélo) et une vitesse à chacune des classes, et donc à chaque cellule dans laquelle le mouvement est autorisé, contenues dans la couche d'occupation du sol fusionnée (voir Section 5.5.2).

L'utilisateur peut facilement capturer et modifier les valeurs de scénario et/ou de vitesse dans ce tableau pour tester les modifications qu'il produit sur les résultats de sortie. De plus, des corrections pour différents modes de transport peuvent être appliquées dans ce fichier.

La table du scénario de voyage peut être créée dans Excel, puis importée dans AccessMod (voir section 5.4.1) ou manuellement, créée dans AccessMod (voir sections 5.5.3, 5.5.4, 5.5.2 et 5.5.7). Dans les deux cas, la table est composée des quatre colonnes suivantes (voir l'exemple dans le tableau ci-dessous):

  1. class: classe de l'occupation du sol fusionnée
  2. label: étiquette de l'occupation du sol fusionnée
  3. speed: vitesse de déplacement (en km/h) sur surfaces plane. La valeur doit être supérieure ou égale à zéro (voir ci-dessous pour ce dernier)
  4. mode: mode de transport considéré pour la classe d'occupation du sol, à choisir dans la liste suivante:
  • MOTORIZED: mode appliqué aux véhicules motorisés lorsqu'aucune correction n'est appliquée à la vitesse de déplacement, même si un DEM est utilisé dans l'analyse.
  • WALKING: mode appliqué lorsque la population marche. Dans ce cas, une correction basée sur la pente est appliquée à la vitesse indiquée. Cette correction est basée sur la formule de Tobler (Tobler, 1993), qui diminue ou augmente la vitesse de marche effective en fonction de la pente et ceci de manière différente pour les mouvements ascendants et descendants.
  • BICYCLING: mode appliqué lorsque la population utilise un vélo. Une correction basée sur la pente est appliquée à la vitesse indiquée. Voir ci-dessous pour plus de détails.

class

label

speed

mode

1

Cropland

3.0

WALKING

2

Bare soil

5.0

WALKING

4

Dense forest

3.0

WALKING

6

Pasture

4.0

WALKING

1016

Highway

120.0

MOTORIZED

1017

National road

80.0

MOTORIZED

1018

Secondary road

40.0

MOTORIZED

1019

Residential road

30.0

MOTORIZED

Exemple de fichier excel de scénario de voyage


Starting from AccessMod version 5.2.1, speeds of zero are allowed in the scenario table. A speed of zero translates into a full barrier status for all concerned cells. However, when a facility falls into a "Zero speed" cell, it will not be taken into consideration in the analysis, in a similar way than facilities falling on barriers (NoData) cells. In this case, such facilities will have a “Yes” label in the “amOnZero” column of the "Selected facilities" table. These facilities will either have to be unselected or their coordinates modified before being able to run the analysis.

Speed corrections due to topography for walking and bicycling modes are computed through the following steps in AccessMod:

  1. Slopes between a given cell and its eight neighbors are computed first.
  2. A correction based on slope and on the transportation mode (walking or bicycling) is computed using the functions reported in the following sub-sections.
  3. This correction is applied to the speed attributed to travelling between any two neighboring cells, as inputted by the user in the travelling scenario table.

Each land cover category (class) found in the merged land cover distribution grid (see Section 3.3.1.4) must have a corresponding entry in the travelling scenario table. If this is not the case, an on-screen warning message asking the user to revise the table will appear in the validation section of the analysis window. The user will not be able to start the analysis until a speed is attributed to each class. Such change can be performed directly in AccessMod.

WALKING and BICYCLING corrections are only applied when a DEM, and therefore an anisotropic (slope-dependent) approach, is used in the analysis (see section 3.3.1.2).

Speed correction for the walking model

This correction uses Tobler's formula (Tobler, 1993) that links walking speed with the slope of the terrain through the following formula:



where V is the corrected walking speed in kilometers per hour (Km/h), VF is the walking speed on a flat surface (given by the user-defined travelling scenario delineated here above), and S is the slope in hundredth of percent.

A graphical representation of this relation is shown in
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below, assuming the speed of walking is 5 km/h on flat ground.



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Speed correction for the bicycling model

This correction uses a physical biking model based on air resistance, gravity and frictional force. If the user selects the travelling mode "bicycling" within an anisotropic analysis, AccessMod estimates the power needed to achieve the velocity (and therefore, speed) entered by the user in the travelling scenario. Using this power, along with the slope derived from the DEM, AccessMod can predict the final speed at which the cyclist will cross a given cell.

The model implemented in AccessMod assumes that the increased speed due to negative slope does not exceed twice the speed obtained on a flat surface. A realistic mean value for the speed on flat surface can be around 12 km/h, but note that this can vary greatly with physical condition of the biker, the type of bike, and the road conditions.

The bicycle formula is based on a complex physical model in which several parameters were fixed in AccessMod (which cannot be changed by the user), as follows:

  • Weight of the cyclist : 80 kg
  • Weight of the bicycle : 15 kg
  • Rolling resistance coefficient : 0.012
  • Frontal area : 0.445 m2
  • Wind velocity : 0 km/h
  • Temperature : 20°C
  • Elevation : 500m
  • Transmission resistance coefficient : 0.9


A simplified description of the formula used can read as follows:

power = (velocity * resistanceBike + velocity * velocityTotal * velocityTotal * resistanceAir) / efficiencyTransmission

With:

  • velocity =  velocity of the cyclist on a flat surface
  • velocityTotal = velocity of the wind + velocity
  • resistanceBike = Resistance of the tires and the gravity
  • resistanceAir = Frontal area * air density
  • efficiencyTransmission = Transmission resistance coefficient
  • power = power necessary to have the bike move at the given velocity on flat surface


The final velocity (Velocity, below) is estimated by resolving a non-linear equation with the Newton's method. The non-linear equation is defined with the following: 

Tv = Velocity + Wind velocity

F   = Velocity * (resistanceAir * Tv2 + resistanceBike) – efficiencyTransmission * power

F'  = resistanceAir * (3.0* Velocity + Wind velocity) * Tv + resistanceBike


For the Newton technique, we used a maximum tolerance of 0.05 and maximum 10 iterations. If there is no convergence, the result is set to 0.0 kmh. A graphical example of the corrected speeds in function of the slope for that particular speed is shown in
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.



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See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_method for details on this technique.

Please read the documentation at http://bikecalculator.com/what.html for a more complete description of the formula implementation.

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